as融資
⑴ 關於國際貿易融資的翻譯（跪求高手幫忙）-英翻中
這篇文章其實沒有什麼意義。
最重要的是最後一句話：目前預計超過80％的國際貿易採用賒銷的結算方式；也就意味著，傳統的國際結算方式如L/C、O/C等已經不再是主流的結算方式。而貿易融資與國際結算方式是緊密相關的！
⑵ 求大神翻譯一段融資風險的英語
股票投資一般是指買入並持有的股票在證券市場中個體公司的股息和資本收益的預期收益，如股票上漲的價值。典型的股權持有人獲得投票權，這意味著他們可以投票決定董事會人選以及某些重大交易，與剩餘控制權，這意味著他們分享公司的利潤，以及恢復一些公司的資產中的事件，它的褶皺，雖然他們在回收他們的投資一般有最低的優先順序。通過自我管理的條件和技術條件的制約，小和中小型企業面臨的經營虧損時容易大量的資本，經營管理中存在的一些問題。它將直接威脅到企業的生存和發展，這是股權轉讓融資風險。
網路翻譯了一下。。。應該能看懂大意了吧
⑶ 內部控制與銀行融資的關系是怎麼說的，或者有沒有這方面的文獻
這個能用嗎?也是文獻呢
Interim Measures on Information Disclosure of Commercial Banks
Order No.6 of the People's Bank of China
May 15, 2002
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1 These rules are formulated on the basis of "Law on the People's bank of China of the People's Republic of China" and "Commercial Banking Law of the People's Bank of China", which aim to strengthen market discipline of commercial banks, standardize information disclosure of commercial banks, effectively safeguard legitimate interests of depositors and other stakeholders and promote safe, sound and efficient operation of commercial banks.
Article 2 These rules are to be applied to commercial banks that are established legally within the territory of the People's Republic of China, including domestic commercial banks, wholly foreign funded banks, joint venture banks and branches of foreign banks.
Article 3 Commercial banks should disclose information according to these rules, which are the minimum requirements for commercial banks' information disclosure. While abiding by these rules, commercial banks can disclose more information than what has been required by these rules at their own discretion.
In addition to these rules, listed commercial banks should also conform to relevant information disclosure rules published by regulatory body of the securities instry.
Article 4 Information disclosure of commercial banks should be proceeded consistent with laws and regulations, the uniform domestic accounting rules and relevant rules of the PBC.
Article 5 Commercial banks should disclose information in a standardized fashion, while ensuring authenticity, accuracy, integrity and comparability.
Article 6 Annual financial statements disclosed by commercial banks should be subject to auditing by accounting firms that are certified to be engaged in finance-related auditing.
Article 7 The People's Bank of China is to supervise commercial banks' information disclosure according to relevant laws and regulations.
Chapter II Information to be Disclosed
Article 8 Commercial banks should disclose financial statements, and information on risk management, corporate governance and big events of the year according to these rules.
Article 9 Commercial banks' financial statements should include accounting report, annex and notes to this report and description of financial position.
Article 10 Accounting report disclosed by commercial banks should include balance sheet, statement of income (profit and loss account), statement of owner's equity and other additional charts.
Article 11 Commercial banks should indicate inconsistence between the basis of preparation and the basic preconditions of accounting in their notes to the accounting report.
Article 12 Commercial banks should explain in their notes to the accounting report the important policy of accounting and accounting estimates, including: Accounting standards, accounting year, reporting currency, accounting basis and valuation principles; Type and scope of loans; Accounting rules for investment; Scope and method of provisions against asset losses; Principle and method of income recognition; Valuation method for financial derivatives; Conversion method for foreign currency business and accounting report; Preparation method for consolidated accounting report; Valuation and depreciation method for fixed assets; Valuation method and amortization policy for intangible assets; Amortization policy for long-term deferred expenses; Accounting practice for income tax.
Article 13 Commercial banks should indicate in their notes to the accounting report crucial changes of accounting policy and estimates, contingent items and post-balance sheet items, transfer and sale of important assets.
Article 14 Commercial banks should indicate in their annex and notes to the accounting report the total volume of related party transactions and major related party transactions. Major related party transactions refer to those with trading volume exceeding 30 million yuan or 1% of total net assets of the commercial bank.
Article 15 Commercial banks should indicate in their notes to the accounting report detailed breakdown of key categories in the accounting report, including:
(1) Due from banks by the breakdown of domestic and overseas markets.
(2) Interbank lending by the breakdown of domestic and overseas markets.
(3) Outstanding balance of loans at the beginning and the end of the accounting year by the breakdown of credibility loans, committed loans, collateralized loans and pledged loans.
(4) Non-performing loans at the beginning and end of the accounting year resulted from the risk-based loan classification.
(5) Provisions for loan losses at the beginning and the end of the accounting year, new provisions, returned provisions and write-offs in the accounting year. General provisions, specific provisions and special provisions should be disclosed separately.
(6) Outstanding balance and changes of interest receivables.
(7) Investment at the beginning and the end of the accounting year by instruments.
(8) Interbank borrowing in domestic and overseas markets.
(9) Calculation, outstanding balance and changes of interest payables.
(10) Year-end outstanding balance and other details of off-balance sheet categories, including bank acceptance bills, external guarantees, letters of guarantee for financing purposes, letters of guarantee for non-financing purposes, loan commitments, letters of credit (spot), letters of credit (forward), financial futures, financial options, etc.
(11) Other key categories.
Article 16 Commercial banks should disclose in their notes to the accounting report status of capital adequacy, including total value of risk assets, amount and structure of net capital, core capital adequacy ratio and capital adequacy ratio.
Article 17 Commercial banks should disclose auditing report provided by the appointed accounting firms.
Article 18 Description of financial position should cover the general performance of the bank, generation and distribution of profit and other events that have substantial impact on financial position and performance of the bank.
Article 19 Commercial banks should disclose following risks and risk management details:
(1) Credit risk. Commercial banks should disclose status of credit risk management, credit exposure, credit quality and earnings, including business operations that generate credit risks, policy of credit risk management and control, organizational structure and division of labor in credit risk management, procere and methods of classification of asset risks, distribution and concentration of credit risks, maturity analysis of over-e loans, restructuring of loans and return of assets.
(2) Liquidity risk. Commercial banks should disclose relevant parameters that can represent their status of liquidity, analyze factors affecting liquidity and indicate their strategy of liquidity management.
(3) Market risk. Commercial banks should disclose risks brought by changes of interest rates and exchange rate on the market, analyzing impacts of such changes on profitability and financial positions of the bank and indicating their strategy of market risk management.
(4) Operation risk. Commercial banks should disclose risks brought by flaws and mistakes of internal proceres, staff and system or by external shocks and indicate the integrity, rationality and effectiveness of their internal control mechanism.
(5) Other risks. Other risks that may bring severe negative impact to the bank.
Article 20 Commercial banks should disclose following information on corporate governance:
(1) Shareholders' meeting ring the year.
(2) Members of the board of directors and its work performance.
(3) Members of the board of supervisors and its work performance.
(4) Members of the senior management and their profiles.
(5) Layout of branches and function departments.
Article 21 Chronicle of events disclosed by commercial banks in the year should at least include the following contents:
(1) Names of the ten biggest shareholders and changes ring the year.
(2) Increase or decrease of registered capital, splitting up and merger.
(3) Other important information that is necessary for the general public to know.
Article 22 Information of foreign bank branches is to be collected and disclosed by the primary reporting branch.
Foreign bank branches don't need to disclose information that is only mandated and required for disclosure by institutions with legal person status.
Foreign bank branches should translate into Chinese and disclose the summary of information disclosed by their head offices.
Article 23 Commercial banks need not disclose information of unimportant categories. However, if the omission or misreporting of certain categories or information may change or affect the assessment or judge of the information users, commercial banks should regarded the categories as key information categories and disclose them.
Chapter III Management of Information Disclosure
Article 24 Commercial banks should prepare in Chinese their annual reports with all the information to be disclosed and publish them within 4 month after the end of each accounting year. If they are not able to disclose such information on time e to special factors, they should apply to the People's Bank of China for delay of disclosure at least 15 days in advance.
Article 25 Commercial banks should submit their annual reports to the People's Bank of China prior to disclosure.
Article 26 Commercial banks should make sure that their shareholders and stakeholders could obtain the annual reports on a timely basis.
Commercial banks should put their annual reports in their major operation venue, so as to ensure such reports are readily available for the general public to read and check. The PBC encourage commercial banks to disclose main contents of their annual reports to the public through media.
Article 27 Boards of directors in commercial banks are responsible for the information disclosure. If there is no board of directors in the bank, the president (head) of the bank should assume such a responsibility.
Boards of directors and presidents (heads) of commercial banks should ensure the authenticity, accuracy and integrity of the disclosed information and take legal responsibility for their commitments.
Article 28 Commercial banks and their involved staff that provide financial statements with false information or concealing important facts should be punished according to the " Rules on Punishment of Financial Irregularities".
Accounting firms and involved staff that provide false auditing report should be punished according to the "Interim Measures on Finance-related Auditing Business by Accounting Firms".
Chapter IV Supplementary Provisions
Article 29 Commercial banks with total assets below RMB 1 billion or with total deposits below RMB 500 million are exempted from the compulsory information disclosure. However, the People's Bank of China encourages such commercial banks to disclose information according to these rules.
Article 30 The People's Bank of China is responsible for the interpretation of these rules.
Article 31 These rules shall enter into force as of the date of promulgation and are to be applied to all commercial banks except city commercial banks.
City commercial banks should adopt these rules graally from January 1, 2003 to January 1, 2006.
中國人民銀行令[2002]第6號
2002年5月15日
第一章 總 則
第一條 為加強商業銀行的市場約束，規范商業銀行的信息披露行為，有效維護存款人和相關利益人的合法權益，促進商業銀行安全、穩健、高效運行，依據《中華人民共和國中國人民銀行法》、《中華人民共和國商業銀行法》等法律法規，制定本辦法。
第二條 本辦法適用於在中華人民共和國境內依法設立的商業銀行，包括中資商業銀行、外資獨資銀行、中外合資銀行、外國銀行分行。
第三條 商業銀行應按照本辦法規定披露信息。本辦法規定為商業銀行信息披露的最低要求。商業銀行可在遵守本辦法規定基礎上自行決定披露更多信息。
上市商業銀行除應遵守本辦法規定披露信息外，還應遵守證券監督管理機關有關信息披露的規定。
第四條 商業銀行披露信息應當遵守法律法規、國家統一的會計制度和中國人民銀行的有關規定。
第五條 商業銀行應遵循真實性、准確性、完整性和可比性的原則，規范地披露信息。
第六條 商業銀行披露的年度財務會計報告須經獲准從事金融相關審計業務的會計師事務所審計。
第七條 中國人民銀行根據有關法律法規對商業銀行的信息披露進行監督。
第二章 信息披露的內容
第八條 商業銀行應按照本辦法規定披露財務會計報告、各類風險管理狀況、公司治理、年度重大事項等信息。
第九條 商業銀行財務會計報告由會計報表、會計報表附註和財務情況說明書組成。
第十條 商業銀行披露的會計報表應包括資產負債表、利潤表（損益表）、所有者權益變動表及其他有關附表。
第十一條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中說明會計報表編制基礎不符合會計核算基本前提的情況。
第十二條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中說明本行的重要會計政策和會計估計，包括：會計報表編制所依據的會計准則、會計年度、記賬本位幣、記賬基礎和計價原則；貸款的種類和范圍；投資核算方法；計提各項資產減值准備的范圍和方法；收入確認原則和方法；衍生金融工具的計價方法；外幣業務和報表折算方法；合並會計報表的編制方法；固定資產計價和折舊方法；無形資產計價及攤銷政策；長期待攤費用的攤銷政策；所得稅的會計處理方法等。
第十三條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中說明重要會計政策和會計估計的變更；或有事項和資產負債表日後事項；重要資產轉讓及其出售。
第十四條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中披露關聯方交易的總量及重大關聯方交易的情況。
重大關聯方交易是指交易金額在3000萬元以上或占商業銀行凈資產總額1%以上的關聯方交易。
第十五條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中說明會計報表中重要項目的明細資料，包括：
（一） 按存放境內、境外同業披露存放同業款項；
（二） 按拆放境內、境外同業披露拆放同業款項;
（三） 按信用貸款、保證貸款、抵押貸款、質押貸款分別披露貸款的期初數、期末數；
（四） 按貸款風險分類的結果披露不良貸款的期初數、期末數；
（五） 貸款損失准備的期初數、本期計提數、本期轉回數、本期核銷數、期末數；一般准備、專項准備和特種准備應分別披露；
（六） 應收利息余額及變動情況；
（七） 按種類披露投資的期初數、期末數；
（八） 按境內、境外同業披露同業拆入款項；
（九） 應付利息計提方法、余額及變動情況；
（十） 銀行承兌匯票、對外擔保、融資保函、非融資保函、貸款承諾、開出即期信用證、開出遠期信用證、金融期貨、金融期權等表外項目，包括上述項目的年末余額及其他具體情況；
（十一） 其他重要項目。
第十六條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中披露資本充足狀況，包括風險資產總額、資本凈額的數量和結構、核心資本充足率、資本充足率。
第十七條 商業銀行應披露會計師事務所出具的審計報告。
第十八條 財務情況說明書應當對本行經營的基本情況、利潤實現和分配情況以及對本行財務狀況、經營成果有重大影響的其他事項進行說明。
第十九條 商業銀行應披露下列各類風險和風險管理情況：
（一） 信用風險狀況。商業銀行應披露信用風險管理、信用風險暴露、信貸質量和收益的情況，包括產生信用風險的業務活動、信用風險管理和控制政策、信用風險管理的組織結構和職責劃分、資產風險分類的程序和方法、信用風險分布情況、信用風險集中程度、逾期貸款的賬齡分析、貸款重組、資產收益率等情況。
（二） 流動性風險狀況。商業銀行應披露能反映其流動性狀況的有關指標，分析影響流動性的因素，說明本行流動性管理策略。
（三） 市場風險狀況。商業銀行應披露因市場匯率、利率變動而產生的風險，分析匯率、利率的變化對銀行盈利能力和財務狀況的影響，說明本行的市場風險管理策略。
（四） 操作風險狀況。商業銀行應披露由於內部程序、人員、系統的不完善或失誤，或外部事件造成的風險，並對本行內部控制制度的完整性、合理性和有效性作出說明。
（五） 其他風險狀況。其他可能對本行造成嚴重不利影響的風險因素。
第二十條 商業銀行應披露下列公司治理信息：
（一） 年度內召開股東大會情況；
（二） 董事會的構成及其工作情況；
（三） 監事會的構成及其工作情況；
（四） 高級管理層成員構成及其基本情況；
（五） 銀行部門與分支機構設置情況。
第二十一條 商業銀行披露的本行年度重要事項，至少應包括下列內容：
（一） 最大十名股東名稱及報告期內變動情況；
（二） 增加或減少注冊資本、分立合並事項；
（三） 其他有必要讓公眾了解的重要信息。
第二十二條 外國銀行分行的信息由主報告行匯總後披露。
外國銀行分行無須披露本辦法規定的僅適用於法人機構的信息。
外國銀行分行應將其總行所披露信息摘要譯成中文後披露。
第二十三條 商業銀行無須披露非關鍵性項目。但若遺漏或誤報某個項目或信息會改變或影響信息使用者的評估或判斷時，商業銀行應將該項目視為關鍵性項目予以披露。
第三章 信息披露的管理
第二十四條 商業銀行應將信息披露的內容以中文編製成年度報告，於每個會計年度終了後的四個月內披露。因特殊原因不能按時披露的，應至少提前十五日向中國人民銀行申請延遲。
第二十五條 商業銀行應將年度報告在公布前報送中國人民銀行。
第二十六條 商業銀行應確保股東及相關利益人能及時獲取年度報告。
商業銀行應將年度報告置放在商業銀行的主要營業場所，確保公眾能方便、及時地查閱。中國人民銀行鼓勵商業銀行通過媒體向公眾披露年度報告的主要信息。
第二十七條 商業銀行董事會負責本行的信息披露。未設立董事會的，由行長（單位主要負責人）負責。
商業銀行的董事會、行長（單位主要負責人）應當保證所披露的信息真實、准確、完整，並就其保證承擔相應的法律責任。
第二十八條 對在信息披露中提供虛假的或者隱瞞重要事實的財務會計報告的商業銀行及有關責任人員，按照《金融違法行為處罰辦法》予以處理。
對出具虛假審計報告的會計師事務所及有關責任人員，按照《會計師事務所從事金融相關審計業務暫行辦法》予以處理。
第四章 附 則
第二十九條 資產總額低於10億元人民幣或存款余額低於5億元人民幣的商業銀行，可免於披露信息。中國人民銀行鼓勵此類商業銀行按照本辦法規定披露信息。
第三十條 本辦法由中國人民銀行負責解釋。
第三十一條 本辦法自公布之日起在除城市商業銀行以外的商業銀行范圍內施行。
城市商業銀行自2003年1月1日起到2006年1月1日分步施行本辦法。
⑷ "融資"用英語怎麼表達
樓上是對的，但你的例句中並沒有financing呀！
financing 是個多義詞，包括「融資，籌措資金，理財，財務，資金等」
所以，可以用financing,但它是名詞，使用時前面要加上一個動詞，make financing, develop financing program.等！
⑸ 我有專利項目如何融資
你可以用該專利作為質押向銀行請求貸款。
根據《擔保法》第七十五條 下列權利可以質押：
（一）匯票、支票、本票、債券、存款單、倉單、提單；
（二）依法可以轉讓的股份、股票；
（三）依法可以轉讓的商標專用權，專利權、著作權中的財產權；
（四）依法可以質押的其他權利。
⑹ 融資計劃怎麼寫
一份好的商業計劃書，哪些因素起到決定作用？
BP的頁數：看似一個簡單的文稿處理工作，其實起到了敲門的作用，對於絕大部分早期項目，BP不應該超過20頁PPT的信息量。許多投資人對於超過20頁的BP，內心是抵觸的，更有些創始人為了追求美觀，用了太多設計圖片，造成一份BP超過20M，投資人在收到這類BP的時候，如果周邊信號不佳，很大可能是不會選擇下載查看，這樣就白白錯過了許多機會。
BP的邏輯：這點是一份BP的核心價值，每個投資人一天要看的BP不會少於20份，能從這幾十份BP中脫穎而出，讓投資人牢牢記住你的項目，靠的就是清晰的邏輯。另外投資人看BP通常都是快速掃描，甚至一分鍾讀完。所以一定要直奔主題，講重點，在最短的篇幅內講述自己項目的商業邏輯。
BP的美觀：之前說過有些創始人為了追求美觀，過度包裝造成BP過大，這一點是不可取的，不過適當的顏色搭配選擇，還是可以讓投資人在大量垃圾BP中耳目一新的。「創業者不要過於迷信模板，相信你乾的事情是獨一無二的，不建議代為撰寫BP，親自撰寫與修改BP也是對自己創業邏輯的一次次梳理，最終面對投資人的也是創業者自己，代寫人無法取代。
投資人閱讀商業計劃書（BP）後需得出3大核心1、你要做什麼（what）？你的產品或服務到底有什麼價值2、怎麼做（how）？你是不是有執行能力和成功的把握3、怎麼賺錢（商業模式）、怎麼分錢與需要多少錢（融多少資金）
商業計劃書的主要框架
商業計劃的主要框架主要從事（內事和外事）、人和錢三個部分。商業計劃書的框架模型主要分為如下圖所示四大部分和十二小節。
二、以下從12個小節介紹商業計劃書的撰寫細節和注意事
1、項目定位項目定位：通過一句話簡明扼要地介紹你們的項目是什麼，項目定位介紹寫在商業計劃書首頁，讓人一眼就知道你們是干什麼的。
2、提出問題（市場痛點在哪裡）提出問題：現有的客戶需求哪些沒有被滿足，市場痛點在哪裡，市場需求是創業的基礎，很多創業者提出的需求多為偽需求或非剛性需求，在確認市場需求的過程中也是創業者在找差異化，如果創業的方向都沒有抓住，自然很難獲得投資人的青睞，創業需要對自己和對別人負責任，市場需求的了解和深入至關重要。
3、解決方案（產品與服務）解決方案：通過哪些方法與方式解決市場痛點。
4、市場分析（市場容量）市場分析：需要證明市場需求的存在以及這個需求市場容量
5、進入策略（如何啟動）進入策略：項目從無到有，如何啟動？
6、競爭優勢（競爭對手）競爭優勢：行業內的競爭對手有哪些，項目的核心競爭力在哪裡？
7、核心團隊（團隊背景）核心團隊：核心團隊的背景履歷，以及要表明為什麼你們的團隊能幹這個事情
8、執行現狀（已做的事情）執行現狀：目前項目已經進展到什麼程度，已經做的事情做個說明
9、計劃目標（未來前景）計劃目標：未來一段時間需要乾的事情有哪些
10、商業模式（怎麼賺錢）商業模式：如何賺錢的問題，在什麼時間點能夠做到盈虧平衡
11、股權結構（怎麼分錢）股權結構：創始人及核心團隊的股權結構，決定未來長遠發展基礎
12、融資計劃（需要多少錢）融資計劃：需要多少錢干這個事情
13、如果不會寫可以找「雲對接」代寫，還可以免費對接投資人。
⑺ 融資合同的英文翻譯，急啊
（二）轉讓的購買合同執行，或執行有利於該銀行的;
（三）轉讓銷售合同的執行，或執行有利於該銀行的;
（四） 「收取的現金和擔保協議的有關自己的負債」執行或將要執行的借款人在贊成的銀行，
（以下統稱為「文件」 ） ：
（一）在此附上標有「 A 」 ，是真正的和正確的副本，該公司的構文件;
（二）附上標有「 B 」 ，是一個真正的和正確的副本的書面決議，本公司董事對_________________________________________,批准該協議，並授權其執行，簽名，交付和性能，而這些決議沒有得到條修訂如下：規定，修改或撤銷，並充分的效力和作用;
（三）在此附上標有「 C 」是一個真正的和正確的副本，接受由代理人在新加坡，其被任命為代理公司的目的，接受服務的過程;
（四）進入該公司的協議和表現由該公司履行其義務根據該協議是內部的權力，該公司根據其構文件，行使董事根據其構文件，並且不需要任何政府授權或同意，或任何同意對部分公司在股東大會或任何類別的成員，並且不排除，也不會侵犯，規定任何的信託契約，抵押貸款，收費，協議或其他文書的約束力後該公司;
（ e ）在最好的知識，信息和信念，該公司不存在未決訴訟（民事以及刑事）或仲裁對公司可能有重大的不利影響，該公司，其資產或其能力繼續營業。
下列簽名是真正簽名的人誰已獲授權簽訂協議的代表公司，以證明該追究的共同蓋章，該公司向銀行，並給予所有通知和通訊的要求或許可以給予或由他人代該公司下或為目的的協議。
⑻ IPO 和 再融資 是什麼關系
IPO就是initial public offerings(首次公開發行股票）, 即首次公開上市，英文全稱
首次公開招股是指一家內私人企業第一次將它的股份容向公眾出售。通常，上市公司的股份是根據向相應證券會出具的招股書或登記聲明中約定的條款通過經紀商或做市商進行銷售。一般來說，一旦首次公開上市完成後，這家公司就可以申請到證券交易所或報價系統掛牌交易。
再融資是指已經公開發行並上市的公司，再次通過發行新的股票來融資的融資方式。由於一家公司從未上市公司變為上市公司是由幕後走向台前，那麼對其過往的經營情況需要嚴格審查，所以IPO的條件一般會比較嚴。而再融資的公司由於已經是上市公司，已經長期在公眾的監督之下了，所以過往業績的審查相對寬松一些。
⑼ 誰能給我一份並購融資的英文文獻啊，急！！！！
Automatically translated text:
The definition of lease financing
Finance leases (Financial Leasing) also known as the Equipment Leasing (Equipment Leasing), or modern leasing (Modern Leasing), and is essentially transfer ownership of the assets of all or most of the risks and rewards of the lease. The ultimate ownership of assets to be transferred, or may not transfer.
It refers to the specific content of the lessee to the lessor under the lease object and the specific requirements of the supplier selection, vendor financing to purchase rental property, and the use of leased to a lessee, the lessee to the lessor to pay instalments rent, the lease term lease ownership of objects belonging to the lessor of all, the tenant has the right to use the leased items. Term expired, and finished the lessee to pay rent under the lease contract financing to fulfil obligations in full, leasing objects that vesting ownership of all the lessee. Despite the finance lease transactions, the lessors have the identity of the purchase of equipment, but the substantive content of the purchase of equipment suppliers such as the choice of the specific requirements of the equipment, the conditions of the purchase contract negotiations by the lessee enjoy and exercise, lessee leasing object is essentially the purchaser. , Is a finance lease extension of loans and trade and technology updates in the new integrated financial instry. Because of its extension of loans and combination of features, there is a problem in leasing companies can recycling, treatment of leasing, and so the financing for the enterprise credit and secured the main requirement, it is very suitable for SME financing. In addition, the leasing of sheet financing, not reflected in the financial statements of the enterprise liability, does not affect the credit status of enterprises. This multi-channel financing needs of SMEs in terms of it is very beneficial.
Leasing and financing lease of a traditional nature of the difference is: traditional lease to the tenant leasing the use of objects of the time rent, and finance lease financing costs to the tenant occupying the time of rental. The market economy develops to a certain stage and the adaptation of a strong financing, in the 1950s in the United States have a new type of trading, as it adapted to the requirements of modern economic development, in the 60 to 70 the rapid development in the world, and today has become a business update equipment one of the main means of financing, known as the "sunrise instry." China in the early 1980s after the introction of this operational modalities for over 10 years has been the rapid development, compared with developed countries, the advantages of leasing is far from being played out, the market potential is huge.
[Edit] the main characteristics of the leasing
The main characteristics of the leasing is: the ownership of objects as leasing is the lessor in order to control the risk of the tenant rent reimbursement taken a form of ownership, at the end of the contract could eventually be transferred to the lessee, the lease purchase items from lease people choose, maintenance from the tenant responsible for the lessor to provide financial services only. Rent calculation principles are: to lease the lessor objects based on the purchase price, occupied by the lessee to the lessor of funds based on time, according to a mutually agreed rental rates. It is essentially dependent on the traditional leasing financial transactions, is a special kind of financial instruments.
[Edit] the type of lease financing
1. Simple financing lease
Financing lease is a simple, by the lessee choose to purchase the rental property, the lessor on the lease project through risk assessment after the rental lease to the lessee the use of objects. Throughout the lease period the lessee does not enjoy the right to use the title, and is responsible for repair and maintenance of leasing objects. The lessor's lease is good or bad thing without any liability, equipment depreciation in the tenant side.
2. Leveraged lease financing
Leveraged leasing practices similar to syndicated loans, is a specialized leasing to large-scale projects with the tax benefits of lease financing, mainly led by a leasing company as a trunk, and for the lease of a very large project financing. First set up a leasing company from the operation of the main institutions - a project-based fund management company set up projects to provide more than 20% of the total amount of funds, and the remaining part was the main source of funds banks and social absorb idle idle funds, the use of 100 percent enjoy low tax benefits "in the eight Bo" leverage for the leasing project large amount of funds. The remaining financing and leasing practices are basically the same, but because of the complexity of the contract covers a wide range and even greater. As can enjoy tax benefits, operating norms, comprehensive benefits, and recovery of rent safe, low-cost, and are generally used for aircraft, ships, communications equipment and large complete sets of equipment lease financing.
3. Commissioned by the Financial Leasing
Is a way to have the funds or equipment entrusted to non-bank financial institutions in the financing lease, the lessor is also the first client, the second is the trustee of the lessor at the same time. The lessor to accept the client's money or lease of the subject matter, according to the client's written by the client designated for the lessee of the leasing business. In the subject of the lease term lease of the property of the client, the lessor only charges, not to take risks. Such leasing commissioned a major characteristic is not to lease the right to operate the enterprise, "by the right" business. E-commerce is on the lease by lease rental as a business platform.
The second is the lessor or lessee commissioned by the lease purchase of a third person, the lessor under the contract to pay the purchase price, also known as commissioned by the lease purchase financing.
4. Project finance leasing
Lessee to project their own property and to ensure efficiency, and the lessor signed a finance lease contract, the lessor to the lessee of the property and other projects without recourse to the proceeds, we can only rent charged to the project's cash flow and profitability to determine. The seller (that is leasing goods manufacturers) through their holding leasing companies to promote their procts in this way, and expand market share. Communications equipment, medical equipment, transportation equipment, or even the right to operate highway can be used this way. Others, including the return of leasing, also known as sale and leaseback financing leasing; financing to leasing, also known as the financing to leasing.
[Edit] the risk of lease financing
Finance leases from the risk of many uncertain factors, is multifaceted and interrelated, in the full understanding of the operational activities of the characteristics of various risks can be comprehensive, scientific analysis of risks to formulate corresponding measures. The risk of financing leasing main categories as follows:
(1) proct market risks. In the market environment, regardless of the financing lease, loan or investment, as long as the funds used to purchase equipment or to carry out technological transformation, first of all, should consider leasing equipment procts market risks, which need to know to sell the procts, market share rate and occupancy, proct trends in the development of the market, the consumption structure and the mentality of the consumers and consumption capacity. If these factors are not fully understand, the survey are not careful, and may increase the market risk.
(2) financial risks. For the leasing of a financial nature, financial risks throughout the entire business activities. The lessor, the biggest risk is that the lessee is also rent capacity, it has a direct impact on the operation of leasing companies and survival, therefore, the risk of also rent from the project began, it should be cause for concern.
Currency also have risks, especially international payments, methods of payment, payment date, time, the remittance channels and means of payment options improperly, will increase the risk.
(3) Trade risk. For the leasing of a trade properties, the risks of trade negotiations to orders from the acceptance testing there is a risk. The merchandise trade in the modern development of a relatively complete, the community is also supporting the establishment of corresponding institutions and preventive measures, such as a letter of credit, transport insurance, commodity inspection, commercial arbitration and the risk of credit counseling have taken precautions and remedial measures, but because people's awareness and understanding of the risks of different degrees, and some means of a commercial nature, coupled with the inexperience of the management of enterprises and other factors, all of these instruments have not been used, making trade risk still exists.
(4) technical risks. One of the benefits of lease financing before other enterprises is the introction of advanced technology and equipment. In the actual course of the operation, or advanced technology, advanced technology is mature, mature technology for the legal rights and interests of others, is an important risk a technical reasons. Serious, e to technical problems so that equipment in a state of paralysis. Other risks include the economic environment, force majeure, and so on.
[Edit] the accounting treatment of lease financing
[Edit], the tenant on the accounting treatment of lease financing
1, the start of the lease accounting treatment
At the start of the lease, the tenant will usually be the start of the lease rental assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the lower of the two leased assets as recorded value of the minimum lease payments as a long-term payables recorded value, and the difference between the two records is not recognised financing costs. However, if the assets of the leasing assets of the enterprise small proportion of the total, the tenant may be the start of the lease in the minimum lease payment records of assets and long-term rent payments. This time, the "proportional" not usually refers to fixed assets financed by leasing the lessee total assets total less than 30% (including 30%). Under such circumstances, rent for the financing of long-term assets and the determination of the amount e, the tenant may, at its option, which can be used minimum lease payments, and can also be used leasing assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the two in the lower. Then what "leasing the original book value of assets" refers to the start of the lease rental, as reflected in the accounts, the book value of the leased asset.
Lessee in the calculation of the minimum lease payments at the current value, if the lessor that the interest rate implicit in the lease, the lessor should be used as the interest rate implicit in the discount rate, otherwise, shall be stipulated in the lease contract interest rate as the discount rate . If the lessor's interest rate implicit in the lease and rental rates stipulated in the contract are not available, it should be used over the same period interest rates on bank loans as the discount rate. Which is implicit in the lease rates, in the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments and the present value of the unsecured portion of the resial value of the current value of assets and equivalent to the original book value of the discount rate.
2, the initial direct costs of the accounting treatment
Initial direct costs refer to the lease negotiations and the signing of the lease agreement occurred in the course of the lease can be directly attributable to the cost of the project. Lessee in the initial direct costs usually have stamp ty, commission, attorney fees, travel expenses, such as the costs of negotiations. Lessee in the initial direct costs should be recognised as an expense in the current period. Accounts for its handling: debit "management fees" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
3, no finance charge assessed
In the finance lease, the lessee to the lessor to pay the rent, include the repayment of principal and interest in two parts. Lessee to pay rent, on the one hand to rece long-term payables, on the other hand, while not confirmed by the leasing costs for a certain method to confirm the current financing costs, the first rent (that is, initially matching each rental payment) Under the circumstances, the lease term is the first phase of rent paid no interest, should only rece the long-term payments, not to confirm the current financing costs.
Not sharing in the finance costs, the lessee should be used to calculate certain way. According to the guidelines, the lessee can be used in real interest rates, the straight-line method can also be used and the number of years of combined law. In using the effective interest method, in accordance with the inception of the lease is a lease assets and liabilities are recorded based on the value of different financing costs assessment rate options are also different. No finance charge assessed specific divided into the following types:
(1), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments accounted for the present value of value to the investor and the interest rate implicit in the lease for the discount rate. Under such circumstances, investors should be the interest rate implicit in the lease for the assessment rate.
(2), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments for the present value of recorded value, and to lease contract provides for the interest rate as the discount rate. In such circumstances, should be stipulated in the lease contract as the rate of assessment rates.
(3), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist resial value guarantees and preferential purchase right to choose. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. Financing cost-sharing rate refers to the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments equal to the present value of lease assets in the original book value of the discount rate. In the lessee or related to the leased asset resial value of the third-party security situation, and the similar, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.
(4), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist guaranteed resial value, but there is preferential option to purchase. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. At the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.
(5), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset value accounted for, and the existence of the lessee guaranteed resial value.
Under such circumstances, the cost-sharing should be re-financing rate. Related to the lessee or third parties on the resial value of leased assets as security has been provided or not at the end of the lease renewal and to pay a penalty of circumstances, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to the guaranteed resial value, or to be paid by the breach.
Lessee shall pay each of the rent shall be the amount of rent paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," subjects, credited to "bank" subjects, if payment of rent, which includes compliance costs, At the same time debit should be "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects. At the same time should be recognized in accordance with the current amount of the finance charge, debit "financial costs" subjects, credited the "no finance charge" subjects.
4, the leased asset depreciation Provision
Tenants should finance the lessee Provision for depreciation of fixed assets, should address two main issues:
(1), depreciation policy
Provision for asset depreciation, lease, the tenant should be its own assets Provision line depreciation method. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset security has been provided, should be credited for the amount of depreciation on fixed assets, and the inception of the lease accounting resial value after decting the value of the balance. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset resial value of the security has been provided, the total amount of depreciation should be credited for the start of the lease value of fixed assets recorded.
(2), the depreciation period
Identify the leased asset depreciation period, should be in accordance with the lease contract. If reasonable certainty that the lessee at the end of the lessee will obtain ownership of the leased asset, the lessee can be identified with all of the assets of the remaining useful life, and should therefore be the start of the lease to lease the remaining useful life of assets as depreciation period; If you can not reasonably determine whether the lease to the lessee at the end of the lease ownership of the assets to be made to the lease period and the remaining useful life of the leased asset in the shorter of the two as the depreciation period.
5, the accounting treatment of compliance costs
Many types of compliance costs, rent for the financing of fixed assets improved expenditure, technical advice and service charges, fees should be increased staff training credited to the extension of sharing costs, debit "long-term prepaid expenses," and "accrued expenses" , "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects, the fixed assets regular maintenance, insurance, etc. can be directly charged to expense in the current period, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank deposits, "wait until the subjects.
6, or the accounting treatment of rent
Since the rent or the amount of uncertainty, unable to adopt a rational approach to its system for sharing, in the actual event, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
7, at the end of the lease accounting treatment
At the end of lease, the tenant on the lease is usually the disposition of the assets of three circumstances:
(1), the return of the leased asset. Debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," and "accumulated depreciation" subjects, credited "fixed assets - fixed assets financed by leasing all" subjects.
(2), renewable lease concession assets. If the lessee to exercise the right to choose renewable concession, the lease shall be deemed to have been made the presence of the corresponding accounting treatment. If no expiry of renewal, to the lessor under the lease contract to pay a penalty, debit "operating expenses" subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
(3), stay purchase the leased asset. In the lessee enjoy preferential purchase right to choose, purchase price paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance lease," credited "bank" and other subjects at the same time, will be fixed assets from "all fixed assets financed by leasing" Details Details of the other subjects into subjects.
因字數有限就無法翻譯成中文了
⑽ finance bp是什麼意思
finance bp
英國石油
This form of financing creates further flexibility for BP as an alternative form of financing in addition to its more conventional debt financing such as corporate lending or project finance structures where appropriate, BP said.
BP表示：這種融資形式為BP提供了更多的靈活性，作為更傳統的債務融資（如企業貸款或項目融資結構）之外適當場合的另一種融資形式。