as融资
⑴ 关于国际贸易融资的翻译（跪求高手帮忙）-英翻中
这篇文章其实没有什么意义。
最重要的是最后一句话：目前预计超过80％的国际贸易采用赊销的结算方式；也就意味着，传统的国际结算方式如L/C、O/C等已经不再是主流的结算方式。而贸易融资与国际结算方式是紧密相关的！
⑵ 求大神翻译一段融资风险的英语
股票投资一般是指买入并持有的股票在证券市场中个体公司的股息和资本收益的预期收益，如股票上涨的价值。典型的股权持有人获得投票权，这意味着他们可以投票决定董事会人选以及某些重大交易，与剩余控制权，这意味着他们分享公司的利润，以及恢复一些公司的资产中的事件，它的褶皱，虽然他们在回收他们的投资一般有最低的优先级。通过自我管理的条件和技术条件的制约，小和中小型企业面临的经营亏损时容易大量的资本，经营管理中存在的一些问题。它将直接威胁到企业的生存和发展，这是股权转让融资风险。
网络翻译了一下。。。应该能看懂大意了吧
⑶ 内部控制与银行融资的关系是怎么说的，或者有没有这方面的文献
这个能用吗?也是文献呢
Interim Measures on Information Disclosure of Commercial Banks
Order No.6 of the People's Bank of China
May 15, 2002
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1 These rules are formulated on the basis of "Law on the People's bank of China of the People's Republic of China" and "Commercial Banking Law of the People's Bank of China", which aim to strengthen market discipline of commercial banks, standardize information disclosure of commercial banks, effectively safeguard legitimate interests of depositors and other stakeholders and promote safe, sound and efficient operation of commercial banks.
Article 2 These rules are to be applied to commercial banks that are established legally within the territory of the People's Republic of China, including domestic commercial banks, wholly foreign funded banks, joint venture banks and branches of foreign banks.
Article 3 Commercial banks should disclose information according to these rules, which are the minimum requirements for commercial banks' information disclosure. While abiding by these rules, commercial banks can disclose more information than what has been required by these rules at their own discretion.
In addition to these rules, listed commercial banks should also conform to relevant information disclosure rules published by regulatory body of the securities instry.
Article 4 Information disclosure of commercial banks should be proceeded consistent with laws and regulations, the uniform domestic accounting rules and relevant rules of the PBC.
Article 5 Commercial banks should disclose information in a standardized fashion, while ensuring authenticity, accuracy, integrity and comparability.
Article 6 Annual financial statements disclosed by commercial banks should be subject to auditing by accounting firms that are certified to be engaged in finance-related auditing.
Article 7 The People's Bank of China is to supervise commercial banks' information disclosure according to relevant laws and regulations.
Chapter II Information to be Disclosed
Article 8 Commercial banks should disclose financial statements, and information on risk management, corporate governance and big events of the year according to these rules.
Article 9 Commercial banks' financial statements should include accounting report, annex and notes to this report and description of financial position.
Article 10 Accounting report disclosed by commercial banks should include balance sheet, statement of income (profit and loss account), statement of owner's equity and other additional charts.
Article 11 Commercial banks should indicate inconsistence between the basis of preparation and the basic preconditions of accounting in their notes to the accounting report.
Article 12 Commercial banks should explain in their notes to the accounting report the important policy of accounting and accounting estimates, including: Accounting standards, accounting year, reporting currency, accounting basis and valuation principles; Type and scope of loans; Accounting rules for investment; Scope and method of provisions against asset losses; Principle and method of income recognition; Valuation method for financial derivatives; Conversion method for foreign currency business and accounting report; Preparation method for consolidated accounting report; Valuation and depreciation method for fixed assets; Valuation method and amortization policy for intangible assets; Amortization policy for long-term deferred expenses; Accounting practice for income tax.
Article 13 Commercial banks should indicate in their notes to the accounting report crucial changes of accounting policy and estimates, contingent items and post-balance sheet items, transfer and sale of important assets.
Article 14 Commercial banks should indicate in their annex and notes to the accounting report the total volume of related party transactions and major related party transactions. Major related party transactions refer to those with trading volume exceeding 30 million yuan or 1% of total net assets of the commercial bank.
Article 15 Commercial banks should indicate in their notes to the accounting report detailed breakdown of key categories in the accounting report, including:
(1) Due from banks by the breakdown of domestic and overseas markets.
(2) Interbank lending by the breakdown of domestic and overseas markets.
(3) Outstanding balance of loans at the beginning and the end of the accounting year by the breakdown of credibility loans, committed loans, collateralized loans and pledged loans.
(4) Non-performing loans at the beginning and end of the accounting year resulted from the risk-based loan classification.
(5) Provisions for loan losses at the beginning and the end of the accounting year, new provisions, returned provisions and write-offs in the accounting year. General provisions, specific provisions and special provisions should be disclosed separately.
(6) Outstanding balance and changes of interest receivables.
(7) Investment at the beginning and the end of the accounting year by instruments.
(8) Interbank borrowing in domestic and overseas markets.
(9) Calculation, outstanding balance and changes of interest payables.
(10) Year-end outstanding balance and other details of off-balance sheet categories, including bank acceptance bills, external guarantees, letters of guarantee for financing purposes, letters of guarantee for non-financing purposes, loan commitments, letters of credit (spot), letters of credit (forward), financial futures, financial options, etc.
(11) Other key categories.
Article 16 Commercial banks should disclose in their notes to the accounting report status of capital adequacy, including total value of risk assets, amount and structure of net capital, core capital adequacy ratio and capital adequacy ratio.
Article 17 Commercial banks should disclose auditing report provided by the appointed accounting firms.
Article 18 Description of financial position should cover the general performance of the bank, generation and distribution of profit and other events that have substantial impact on financial position and performance of the bank.
Article 19 Commercial banks should disclose following risks and risk management details:
(1) Credit risk. Commercial banks should disclose status of credit risk management, credit exposure, credit quality and earnings, including business operations that generate credit risks, policy of credit risk management and control, organizational structure and division of labor in credit risk management, procere and methods of classification of asset risks, distribution and concentration of credit risks, maturity analysis of over-e loans, restructuring of loans and return of assets.
(2) Liquidity risk. Commercial banks should disclose relevant parameters that can represent their status of liquidity, analyze factors affecting liquidity and indicate their strategy of liquidity management.
(3) Market risk. Commercial banks should disclose risks brought by changes of interest rates and exchange rate on the market, analyzing impacts of such changes on profitability and financial positions of the bank and indicating their strategy of market risk management.
(4) Operation risk. Commercial banks should disclose risks brought by flaws and mistakes of internal proceres, staff and system or by external shocks and indicate the integrity, rationality and effectiveness of their internal control mechanism.
(5) Other risks. Other risks that may bring severe negative impact to the bank.
Article 20 Commercial banks should disclose following information on corporate governance:
(1) Shareholders' meeting ring the year.
(2) Members of the board of directors and its work performance.
(3) Members of the board of supervisors and its work performance.
(4) Members of the senior management and their profiles.
(5) Layout of branches and function departments.
Article 21 Chronicle of events disclosed by commercial banks in the year should at least include the following contents:
(1) Names of the ten biggest shareholders and changes ring the year.
(2) Increase or decrease of registered capital, splitting up and merger.
(3) Other important information that is necessary for the general public to know.
Article 22 Information of foreign bank branches is to be collected and disclosed by the primary reporting branch.
Foreign bank branches don't need to disclose information that is only mandated and required for disclosure by institutions with legal person status.
Foreign bank branches should translate into Chinese and disclose the summary of information disclosed by their head offices.
Article 23 Commercial banks need not disclose information of unimportant categories. However, if the omission or misreporting of certain categories or information may change or affect the assessment or judge of the information users, commercial banks should regarded the categories as key information categories and disclose them.
Chapter III Management of Information Disclosure
Article 24 Commercial banks should prepare in Chinese their annual reports with all the information to be disclosed and publish them within 4 month after the end of each accounting year. If they are not able to disclose such information on time e to special factors, they should apply to the People's Bank of China for delay of disclosure at least 15 days in advance.
Article 25 Commercial banks should submit their annual reports to the People's Bank of China prior to disclosure.
Article 26 Commercial banks should make sure that their shareholders and stakeholders could obtain the annual reports on a timely basis.
Commercial banks should put their annual reports in their major operation venue, so as to ensure such reports are readily available for the general public to read and check. The PBC encourage commercial banks to disclose main contents of their annual reports to the public through media.
Article 27 Boards of directors in commercial banks are responsible for the information disclosure. If there is no board of directors in the bank, the president (head) of the bank should assume such a responsibility.
Boards of directors and presidents (heads) of commercial banks should ensure the authenticity, accuracy and integrity of the disclosed information and take legal responsibility for their commitments.
Article 28 Commercial banks and their involved staff that provide financial statements with false information or concealing important facts should be punished according to the " Rules on Punishment of Financial Irregularities".
Accounting firms and involved staff that provide false auditing report should be punished according to the "Interim Measures on Finance-related Auditing Business by Accounting Firms".
Chapter IV Supplementary Provisions
Article 29 Commercial banks with total assets below RMB 1 billion or with total deposits below RMB 500 million are exempted from the compulsory information disclosure. However, the People's Bank of China encourages such commercial banks to disclose information according to these rules.
Article 30 The People's Bank of China is responsible for the interpretation of these rules.
Article 31 These rules shall enter into force as of the date of promulgation and are to be applied to all commercial banks except city commercial banks.
City commercial banks should adopt these rules graally from January 1, 2003 to January 1, 2006.
中国人民银行令[2002]第6号
2002年5月15日
第一章 总 则
第一条 为加强商业银行的市场约束，规范商业银行的信息披露行为，有效维护存款人和相关利益人的合法权益，促进商业银行安全、稳健、高效运行，依据《中华人民共和国中国人民银行法》、《中华人民共和国商业银行法》等法律法规，制定本办法。
第二条 本办法适用于在中华人民共和国境内依法设立的商业银行，包括中资商业银行、外资独资银行、中外合资银行、外国银行分行。
第三条 商业银行应按照本办法规定披露信息。本办法规定为商业银行信息披露的最低要求。商业银行可在遵守本办法规定基础上自行决定披露更多信息。
上市商业银行除应遵守本办法规定披露信息外，还应遵守证券监督管理机关有关信息披露的规定。
第四条 商业银行披露信息应当遵守法律法规、国家统一的会计制度和中国人民银行的有关规定。
第五条 商业银行应遵循真实性、准确性、完整性和可比性的原则，规范地披露信息。
第六条 商业银行披露的年度财务会计报告须经获准从事金融相关审计业务的会计师事务所审计。
第七条 中国人民银行根据有关法律法规对商业银行的信息披露进行监督。
第二章 信息披露的内容
第八条 商业银行应按照本办法规定披露财务会计报告、各类风险管理状况、公司治理、年度重大事项等信息。
第九条 商业银行财务会计报告由会计报表、会计报表附注和财务情况说明书组成。
第十条 商业银行披露的会计报表应包括资产负债表、利润表（损益表）、所有者权益变动表及其他有关附表。
第十一条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中说明会计报表编制基础不符合会计核算基本前提的情况。
第十二条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中说明本行的重要会计政策和会计估计，包括：会计报表编制所依据的会计准则、会计年度、记账本位币、记账基础和计价原则；贷款的种类和范围；投资核算方法；计提各项资产减值准备的范围和方法；收入确认原则和方法；衍生金融工具的计价方法；外币业务和报表折算方法；合并会计报表的编制方法；固定资产计价和折旧方法；无形资产计价及摊销政策；长期待摊费用的摊销政策；所得税的会计处理方法等。
第十三条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中说明重要会计政策和会计估计的变更；或有事项和资产负债表日后事项；重要资产转让及其出售。
第十四条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中披露关联方交易的总量及重大关联方交易的情况。
重大关联方交易是指交易金额在3000万元以上或占商业银行净资产总额1%以上的关联方交易。
第十五条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中说明会计报表中重要项目的明细资料，包括：
（一） 按存放境内、境外同业披露存放同业款项；
（二） 按拆放境内、境外同业披露拆放同业款项;
（三） 按信用贷款、保证贷款、抵押贷款、质押贷款分别披露贷款的期初数、期末数；
（四） 按贷款风险分类的结果披露不良贷款的期初数、期末数；
（五） 贷款损失准备的期初数、本期计提数、本期转回数、本期核销数、期末数；一般准备、专项准备和特种准备应分别披露；
（六） 应收利息余额及变动情况；
（七） 按种类披露投资的期初数、期末数；
（八） 按境内、境外同业披露同业拆入款项；
（九） 应付利息计提方法、余额及变动情况；
（十） 银行承兑汇票、对外担保、融资保函、非融资保函、贷款承诺、开出即期信用证、开出远期信用证、金融期货、金融期权等表外项目，包括上述项目的年末余额及其他具体情况；
（十一） 其他重要项目。
第十六条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中披露资本充足状况，包括风险资产总额、资本净额的数量和结构、核心资本充足率、资本充足率。
第十七条 商业银行应披露会计师事务所出具的审计报告。
第十八条 财务情况说明书应当对本行经营的基本情况、利润实现和分配情况以及对本行财务状况、经营成果有重大影响的其他事项进行说明。
第十九条 商业银行应披露下列各类风险和风险管理情况：
（一） 信用风险状况。商业银行应披露信用风险管理、信用风险暴露、信贷质量和收益的情况，包括产生信用风险的业务活动、信用风险管理和控制政策、信用风险管理的组织结构和职责划分、资产风险分类的程序和方法、信用风险分布情况、信用风险集中程度、逾期贷款的账龄分析、贷款重组、资产收益率等情况。
（二） 流动性风险状况。商业银行应披露能反映其流动性状况的有关指标，分析影响流动性的因素，说明本行流动性管理策略。
（三） 市场风险状况。商业银行应披露因市场汇率、利率变动而产生的风险，分析汇率、利率的变化对银行盈利能力和财务状况的影响，说明本行的市场风险管理策略。
（四） 操作风险状况。商业银行应披露由于内部程序、人员、系统的不完善或失误，或外部事件造成的风险，并对本行内部控制制度的完整性、合理性和有效性作出说明。
（五） 其他风险状况。其他可能对本行造成严重不利影响的风险因素。
第二十条 商业银行应披露下列公司治理信息：
（一） 年度内召开股东大会情况；
（二） 董事会的构成及其工作情况；
（三） 监事会的构成及其工作情况；
（四） 高级管理层成员构成及其基本情况；
（五） 银行部门与分支机构设置情况。
第二十一条 商业银行披露的本行年度重要事项，至少应包括下列内容：
（一） 最大十名股东名称及报告期内变动情况；
（二） 增加或减少注册资本、分立合并事项；
（三） 其他有必要让公众了解的重要信息。
第二十二条 外国银行分行的信息由主报告行汇总后披露。
外国银行分行无须披露本办法规定的仅适用于法人机构的信息。
外国银行分行应将其总行所披露信息摘要译成中文后披露。
第二十三条 商业银行无须披露非关键性项目。但若遗漏或误报某个项目或信息会改变或影响信息使用者的评估或判断时，商业银行应将该项目视为关键性项目予以披露。
第三章 信息披露的管理
第二十四条 商业银行应将信息披露的内容以中文编制成年度报告，于每个会计年度终了后的四个月内披露。因特殊原因不能按时披露的，应至少提前十五日向中国人民银行申请延迟。
第二十五条 商业银行应将年度报告在公布前报送中国人民银行。
第二十六条 商业银行应确保股东及相关利益人能及时获取年度报告。
商业银行应将年度报告置放在商业银行的主要营业场所，确保公众能方便、及时地查阅。中国人民银行鼓励商业银行通过媒体向公众披露年度报告的主要信息。
第二十七条 商业银行董事会负责本行的信息披露。未设立董事会的，由行长（单位主要负责人）负责。
商业银行的董事会、行长（单位主要负责人）应当保证所披露的信息真实、准确、完整，并就其保证承担相应的法律责任。
第二十八条 对在信息披露中提供虚假的或者隐瞒重要事实的财务会计报告的商业银行及有关责任人员，按照《金融违法行为处罚办法》予以处理。
对出具虚假审计报告的会计师事务所及有关责任人员，按照《会计师事务所从事金融相关审计业务暂行办法》予以处理。
第四章 附 则
第二十九条 资产总额低于10亿元人民币或存款余额低于5亿元人民币的商业银行，可免于披露信息。中国人民银行鼓励此类商业银行按照本办法规定披露信息。
第三十条 本办法由中国人民银行负责解释。
第三十一条 本办法自公布之日起在除城市商业银行以外的商业银行范围内施行。
城市商业银行自2003年1月1日起到2006年1月1日分步施行本办法。
⑷ "融资"用英语怎么表达
楼上是对的，但你的例句中并没有financing呀！
financing 是个多义词，包括“融资，筹措资金，理财，财务，资金等”
所以，可以用financing,但它是名词，使用时前面要加上一个动词，make financing, develop financing program.等！
⑸ 我有专利项目如何融资
你可以用该专利作为质押向银行请求贷款。
根据《担保法》第七十五条 下列权利可以质押：
（一）汇票、支票、本票、债券、存款单、仓单、提单；
（二）依法可以转让的股份、股票；
（三）依法可以转让的商标专用权，专利权、著作权中的财产权；
（四）依法可以质押的其他权利。
⑹ 融资计划怎么写
一份好的商业计划书，哪些因素起到决定作用？
BP的页数：看似一个简单的文稿处理工作，其实起到了敲门的作用，对于绝大部分早期项目，BP不应该超过20页PPT的信息量。许多投资人对于超过20页的BP，内心是抵触的，更有些创始人为了追求美观，用了太多设计图片，造成一份BP超过20M，投资人在收到这类BP的时候，如果周边信号不佳，很大可能是不会选择下载查看，这样就白白错过了许多机会。
BP的逻辑：这点是一份BP的核心价值，每个投资人一天要看的BP不会少于20份，能从这几十份BP中脱颖而出，让投资人牢牢记住你的项目，靠的就是清晰的逻辑。另外投资人看BP通常都是快速扫描，甚至一分钟读完。所以一定要直奔主题，讲重点，在最短的篇幅内讲述自己项目的商业逻辑。
BP的美观：之前说过有些创始人为了追求美观，过度包装造成BP过大，这一点是不可取的，不过适当的颜色搭配选择，还是可以让投资人在大量垃圾BP中耳目一新的。“创业者不要过于迷信模板，相信你干的事情是独一无二的，不建议代为撰写BP，亲自撰写与修改BP也是对自己创业逻辑的一次次梳理，最终面对投资人的也是创业者自己，代写人无法取代。
投资人阅读商业计划书（BP）后需得出3大核心1、你要做什么（what）？你的产品或服务到底有什么价值2、怎么做（how）？你是不是有执行能力和成功的把握3、怎么赚钱（商业模式）、怎么分钱与需要多少钱（融多少资金）
商业计划书的主要框架
商业计划的主要框架主要从事（内事和外事）、人和钱三个部分。商业计划书的框架模型主要分为如下图所示四大部分和十二小节。
二、以下从12个小节介绍商业计划书的撰写细节和注意事
1、项目定位项目定位：通过一句话简明扼要地介绍你们的项目是什么，项目定位介绍写在商业计划书首页，让人一眼就知道你们是干什么的。
2、提出问题（市场痛点在哪里）提出问题：现有的客户需求哪些没有被满足，市场痛点在哪里，市场需求是创业的基础，很多创业者提出的需求多为伪需求或非刚性需求，在确认市场需求的过程中也是创业者在找差异化，如果创业的方向都没有抓住，自然很难获得投资人的青睐，创业需要对自己和对别人负责任，市场需求的了解和深入至关重要。
3、解决方案（产品与服务）解决方案：通过哪些方法与方式解决市场痛点。
4、市场分析（市场容量）市场分析：需要证明市场需求的存在以及这个需求市场容量
5、进入策略（如何启动）进入策略：项目从无到有，如何启动？
6、竞争优势（竞争对手）竞争优势：行业内的竞争对手有哪些，项目的核心竞争力在哪里？
7、核心团队（团队背景）核心团队：核心团队的背景履历，以及要表明为什么你们的团队能干这个事情
8、执行现状（已做的事情）执行现状：目前项目已经进展到什么程度，已经做的事情做个说明
9、计划目标（未来前景）计划目标：未来一段时间需要干的事情有哪些
10、商业模式（怎么赚钱）商业模式：如何赚钱的问题，在什么时间点能够做到盈亏平衡
11、股权结构（怎么分钱）股权结构：创始人及核心团队的股权结构，决定未来长远发展基础
12、融资计划（需要多少钱）融资计划：需要多少钱干这个事情
13、如果不会写可以找“云对接”代写，还可以免费对接投资人。
⑺ 融资合同的英文翻译，急啊
（二）转让的购买合同执行，或执行有利于该银行的;
（三）转让销售合同的执行，或执行有利于该银行的;
（四） “收取的现金和担保协议的有关自己的负债”执行或将要执行的借款人在赞成的银行，
（以下统称为“文件” ） ：
（一）在此附上标有“ A ” ，是真正的和正确的副本，该公司的构文件;
（二）附上标有“ B ” ，是一个真正的和正确的副本的书面决议，本公司董事对_________________________________________,批准该协议，并授权其执行，签名，交付和性能，而这些决议没有得到条修订如下：规定，修改或撤销，并充分的效力和作用;
（三）在此附上标有“ C ”是一个真正的和正确的副本，接受由代理人在新加坡，其被任命为代理公司的目的，接受服务的过程;
（四）进入该公司的协议和表现由该公司履行其义务根据该协议是内部的权力，该公司根据其构文件，行使董事根据其构文件，并且不需要任何政府授权或同意，或任何同意对部分公司在股东大会或任何类别的成员，并且不排除，也不会侵犯，规定任何的信托契约，抵押贷款，收费，协议或其他文书的约束力后该公司;
（ e ）在最好的知识，信息和信念，该公司不存在未决诉讼（民事以及刑事）或仲裁对公司可能有重大的不利影响，该公司，其资产或其能力继续营业。
下列签名是真正签名的人谁已获授权签订协议的代表公司，以证明该追究的共同盖章，该公司向银行，并给予所有通知和通讯的要求或许可以给予或由他人代该公司下或为目的的协议。
⑻ IPO 和 再融资 是什么关系
IPO就是initial public offerings(首次公开发行股票）, 即首次公开上市，英文全称
首次公开招股是指一家内私人企业第一次将它的股份容向公众出售。通常，上市公司的股份是根据向相应证券会出具的招股书或登记声明中约定的条款通过经纪商或做市商进行销售。一般来说，一旦首次公开上市完成后，这家公司就可以申请到证券交易所或报价系统挂牌交易。
再融资是指已经公开发行并上市的公司，再次通过发行新的股票来融资的融资方式。由于一家公司从未上市公司变为上市公司是由幕后走向台前，那么对其过往的经营情况需要严格审查，所以IPO的条件一般会比较严。而再融资的公司由于已经是上市公司，已经长期在公众的监督之下了，所以过往业绩的审查相对宽松一些。
⑼ 谁能给我一份并购融资的英文文献啊，急！！！！
Automatically translated text:
The definition of lease financing
Finance leases (Financial Leasing) also known as the Equipment Leasing (Equipment Leasing), or modern leasing (Modern Leasing), and is essentially transfer ownership of the assets of all or most of the risks and rewards of the lease. The ultimate ownership of assets to be transferred, or may not transfer.
It refers to the specific content of the lessee to the lessor under the lease object and the specific requirements of the supplier selection, vendor financing to purchase rental property, and the use of leased to a lessee, the lessee to the lessor to pay instalments rent, the lease term lease ownership of objects belonging to the lessor of all, the tenant has the right to use the leased items. Term expired, and finished the lessee to pay rent under the lease contract financing to fulfil obligations in full, leasing objects that vesting ownership of all the lessee. Despite the finance lease transactions, the lessors have the identity of the purchase of equipment, but the substantive content of the purchase of equipment suppliers such as the choice of the specific requirements of the equipment, the conditions of the purchase contract negotiations by the lessee enjoy and exercise, lessee leasing object is essentially the purchaser. , Is a finance lease extension of loans and trade and technology updates in the new integrated financial instry. Because of its extension of loans and combination of features, there is a problem in leasing companies can recycling, treatment of leasing, and so the financing for the enterprise credit and secured the main requirement, it is very suitable for SME financing. In addition, the leasing of sheet financing, not reflected in the financial statements of the enterprise liability, does not affect the credit status of enterprises. This multi-channel financing needs of SMEs in terms of it is very beneficial.
Leasing and financing lease of a traditional nature of the difference is: traditional lease to the tenant leasing the use of objects of the time rent, and finance lease financing costs to the tenant occupying the time of rental. The market economy develops to a certain stage and the adaptation of a strong financing, in the 1950s in the United States have a new type of trading, as it adapted to the requirements of modern economic development, in the 60 to 70 the rapid development in the world, and today has become a business update equipment one of the main means of financing, known as the "sunrise instry." China in the early 1980s after the introction of this operational modalities for over 10 years has been the rapid development, compared with developed countries, the advantages of leasing is far from being played out, the market potential is huge.
[Edit] the main characteristics of the leasing
The main characteristics of the leasing is: the ownership of objects as leasing is the lessor in order to control the risk of the tenant rent reimbursement taken a form of ownership, at the end of the contract could eventually be transferred to the lessee, the lease purchase items from lease people choose, maintenance from the tenant responsible for the lessor to provide financial services only. Rent calculation principles are: to lease the lessor objects based on the purchase price, occupied by the lessee to the lessor of funds based on time, according to a mutually agreed rental rates. It is essentially dependent on the traditional leasing financial transactions, is a special kind of financial instruments.
[Edit] the type of lease financing
1. Simple financing lease
Financing lease is a simple, by the lessee choose to purchase the rental property, the lessor on the lease project through risk assessment after the rental lease to the lessee the use of objects. Throughout the lease period the lessee does not enjoy the right to use the title, and is responsible for repair and maintenance of leasing objects. The lessor's lease is good or bad thing without any liability, equipment depreciation in the tenant side.
2. Leveraged lease financing
Leveraged leasing practices similar to syndicated loans, is a specialized leasing to large-scale projects with the tax benefits of lease financing, mainly led by a leasing company as a trunk, and for the lease of a very large project financing. First set up a leasing company from the operation of the main institutions - a project-based fund management company set up projects to provide more than 20% of the total amount of funds, and the remaining part was the main source of funds banks and social absorb idle idle funds, the use of 100 percent enjoy low tax benefits "in the eight Bo" leverage for the leasing project large amount of funds. The remaining financing and leasing practices are basically the same, but because of the complexity of the contract covers a wide range and even greater. As can enjoy tax benefits, operating norms, comprehensive benefits, and recovery of rent safe, low-cost, and are generally used for aircraft, ships, communications equipment and large complete sets of equipment lease financing.
3. Commissioned by the Financial Leasing
Is a way to have the funds or equipment entrusted to non-bank financial institutions in the financing lease, the lessor is also the first client, the second is the trustee of the lessor at the same time. The lessor to accept the client's money or lease of the subject matter, according to the client's written by the client designated for the lessee of the leasing business. In the subject of the lease term lease of the property of the client, the lessor only charges, not to take risks. Such leasing commissioned a major characteristic is not to lease the right to operate the enterprise, "by the right" business. E-commerce is on the lease by lease rental as a business platform.
The second is the lessor or lessee commissioned by the lease purchase of a third person, the lessor under the contract to pay the purchase price, also known as commissioned by the lease purchase financing.
4. Project finance leasing
Lessee to project their own property and to ensure efficiency, and the lessor signed a finance lease contract, the lessor to the lessee of the property and other projects without recourse to the proceeds, we can only rent charged to the project's cash flow and profitability to determine. The seller (that is leasing goods manufacturers) through their holding leasing companies to promote their procts in this way, and expand market share. Communications equipment, medical equipment, transportation equipment, or even the right to operate highway can be used this way. Others, including the return of leasing, also known as sale and leaseback financing leasing; financing to leasing, also known as the financing to leasing.
[Edit] the risk of lease financing
Finance leases from the risk of many uncertain factors, is multifaceted and interrelated, in the full understanding of the operational activities of the characteristics of various risks can be comprehensive, scientific analysis of risks to formulate corresponding measures. The risk of financing leasing main categories as follows:
(1) proct market risks. In the market environment, regardless of the financing lease, loan or investment, as long as the funds used to purchase equipment or to carry out technological transformation, first of all, should consider leasing equipment procts market risks, which need to know to sell the procts, market share rate and occupancy, proct trends in the development of the market, the consumption structure and the mentality of the consumers and consumption capacity. If these factors are not fully understand, the survey are not careful, and may increase the market risk.
(2) financial risks. For the leasing of a financial nature, financial risks throughout the entire business activities. The lessor, the biggest risk is that the lessee is also rent capacity, it has a direct impact on the operation of leasing companies and survival, therefore, the risk of also rent from the project began, it should be cause for concern.
Currency also have risks, especially international payments, methods of payment, payment date, time, the remittance channels and means of payment options improperly, will increase the risk.
(3) Trade risk. For the leasing of a trade properties, the risks of trade negotiations to orders from the acceptance testing there is a risk. The merchandise trade in the modern development of a relatively complete, the community is also supporting the establishment of corresponding institutions and preventive measures, such as a letter of credit, transport insurance, commodity inspection, commercial arbitration and the risk of credit counseling have taken precautions and remedial measures, but because people's awareness and understanding of the risks of different degrees, and some means of a commercial nature, coupled with the inexperience of the management of enterprises and other factors, all of these instruments have not been used, making trade risk still exists.
(4) technical risks. One of the benefits of lease financing before other enterprises is the introction of advanced technology and equipment. In the actual course of the operation, or advanced technology, advanced technology is mature, mature technology for the legal rights and interests of others, is an important risk a technical reasons. Serious, e to technical problems so that equipment in a state of paralysis. Other risks include the economic environment, force majeure, and so on.
[Edit] the accounting treatment of lease financing
[Edit], the tenant on the accounting treatment of lease financing
1, the start of the lease accounting treatment
At the start of the lease, the tenant will usually be the start of the lease rental assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the lower of the two leased assets as recorded value of the minimum lease payments as a long-term payables recorded value, and the difference between the two records is not recognised financing costs. However, if the assets of the leasing assets of the enterprise small proportion of the total, the tenant may be the start of the lease in the minimum lease payment records of assets and long-term rent payments. This time, the "proportional" not usually refers to fixed assets financed by leasing the lessee total assets total less than 30% (including 30%). Under such circumstances, rent for the financing of long-term assets and the determination of the amount e, the tenant may, at its option, which can be used minimum lease payments, and can also be used leasing assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the two in the lower. Then what "leasing the original book value of assets" refers to the start of the lease rental, as reflected in the accounts, the book value of the leased asset.
Lessee in the calculation of the minimum lease payments at the current value, if the lessor that the interest rate implicit in the lease, the lessor should be used as the interest rate implicit in the discount rate, otherwise, shall be stipulated in the lease contract interest rate as the discount rate . If the lessor's interest rate implicit in the lease and rental rates stipulated in the contract are not available, it should be used over the same period interest rates on bank loans as the discount rate. Which is implicit in the lease rates, in the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments and the present value of the unsecured portion of the resial value of the current value of assets and equivalent to the original book value of the discount rate.
2, the initial direct costs of the accounting treatment
Initial direct costs refer to the lease negotiations and the signing of the lease agreement occurred in the course of the lease can be directly attributable to the cost of the project. Lessee in the initial direct costs usually have stamp ty, commission, attorney fees, travel expenses, such as the costs of negotiations. Lessee in the initial direct costs should be recognised as an expense in the current period. Accounts for its handling: debit "management fees" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
3, no finance charge assessed
In the finance lease, the lessee to the lessor to pay the rent, include the repayment of principal and interest in two parts. Lessee to pay rent, on the one hand to rece long-term payables, on the other hand, while not confirmed by the leasing costs for a certain method to confirm the current financing costs, the first rent (that is, initially matching each rental payment) Under the circumstances, the lease term is the first phase of rent paid no interest, should only rece the long-term payments, not to confirm the current financing costs.
Not sharing in the finance costs, the lessee should be used to calculate certain way. According to the guidelines, the lessee can be used in real interest rates, the straight-line method can also be used and the number of years of combined law. In using the effective interest method, in accordance with the inception of the lease is a lease assets and liabilities are recorded based on the value of different financing costs assessment rate options are also different. No finance charge assessed specific divided into the following types:
(1), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments accounted for the present value of value to the investor and the interest rate implicit in the lease for the discount rate. Under such circumstances, investors should be the interest rate implicit in the lease for the assessment rate.
(2), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments for the present value of recorded value, and to lease contract provides for the interest rate as the discount rate. In such circumstances, should be stipulated in the lease contract as the rate of assessment rates.
(3), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist resial value guarantees and preferential purchase right to choose. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. Financing cost-sharing rate refers to the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments equal to the present value of lease assets in the original book value of the discount rate. In the lessee or related to the leased asset resial value of the third-party security situation, and the similar, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.
(4), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist guaranteed resial value, but there is preferential option to purchase. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. At the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.
(5), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset value accounted for, and the existence of the lessee guaranteed resial value.
Under such circumstances, the cost-sharing should be re-financing rate. Related to the lessee or third parties on the resial value of leased assets as security has been provided or not at the end of the lease renewal and to pay a penalty of circumstances, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to the guaranteed resial value, or to be paid by the breach.
Lessee shall pay each of the rent shall be the amount of rent paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," subjects, credited to "bank" subjects, if payment of rent, which includes compliance costs, At the same time debit should be "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects. At the same time should be recognized in accordance with the current amount of the finance charge, debit "financial costs" subjects, credited the "no finance charge" subjects.
4, the leased asset depreciation Provision
Tenants should finance the lessee Provision for depreciation of fixed assets, should address two main issues:
(1), depreciation policy
Provision for asset depreciation, lease, the tenant should be its own assets Provision line depreciation method. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset security has been provided, should be credited for the amount of depreciation on fixed assets, and the inception of the lease accounting resial value after decting the value of the balance. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset resial value of the security has been provided, the total amount of depreciation should be credited for the start of the lease value of fixed assets recorded.
(2), the depreciation period
Identify the leased asset depreciation period, should be in accordance with the lease contract. If reasonable certainty that the lessee at the end of the lessee will obtain ownership of the leased asset, the lessee can be identified with all of the assets of the remaining useful life, and should therefore be the start of the lease to lease the remaining useful life of assets as depreciation period; If you can not reasonably determine whether the lease to the lessee at the end of the lease ownership of the assets to be made to the lease period and the remaining useful life of the leased asset in the shorter of the two as the depreciation period.
5, the accounting treatment of compliance costs
Many types of compliance costs, rent for the financing of fixed assets improved expenditure, technical advice and service charges, fees should be increased staff training credited to the extension of sharing costs, debit "long-term prepaid expenses," and "accrued expenses" , "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects, the fixed assets regular maintenance, insurance, etc. can be directly charged to expense in the current period, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank deposits, "wait until the subjects.
6, or the accounting treatment of rent
Since the rent or the amount of uncertainty, unable to adopt a rational approach to its system for sharing, in the actual event, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
7, at the end of the lease accounting treatment
At the end of lease, the tenant on the lease is usually the disposition of the assets of three circumstances:
(1), the return of the leased asset. Debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," and "accumulated depreciation" subjects, credited "fixed assets - fixed assets financed by leasing all" subjects.
(2), renewable lease concession assets. If the lessee to exercise the right to choose renewable concession, the lease shall be deemed to have been made the presence of the corresponding accounting treatment. If no expiry of renewal, to the lessor under the lease contract to pay a penalty, debit "operating expenses" subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
(3), stay purchase the leased asset. In the lessee enjoy preferential purchase right to choose, purchase price paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance lease," credited "bank" and other subjects at the same time, will be fixed assets from "all fixed assets financed by leasing" Details Details of the other subjects into subjects.
因字数有限就无法翻译成中文了
⑽ finance bp是什么意思
finance bp
英国石油
This form of financing creates further flexibility for BP as an alternative form of financing in addition to its more conventional debt financing such as corporate lending or project finance structures where appropriate, BP said.
BP表示：这种融资形式为BP提供了更多的灵活性，作为更传统的债务融资（如企业贷款或项目融资结构）之外适当场合的另一种融资形式。